Parquet Data Processing Pipeline Original Column Data Example: "Apple" "Apple" "Banana" Encoding Phase Dictionary: {0: "Apple", 1: "Banana"} Encoded: [0, 0, 1] + Page Statistics Compressed Binary Data Reduced Size Encoding Schemes Dictionary Maps repeated values to integer keys Best for low cardinality RLE/Bit-Packing Run Length Encoding + Efficient bit storage For repeated values Delta Stores differences between values For sorted numbers Plain Direct value storage No special encoding Fallback option Compression Algorithms Speed Optimized Snappy | LZ4 Balanced ZSTD | LZO Compression Optimized Gzip | Brotli